Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems Ninth Edition Prepared by: Susan A. Sandstrom, RN, MSN, BC, CNE Associate Professor in Nursing, Retired College of Saint Mary Omaha, Nebraska Sharon L. Lewis, RN, PhD, FAAN Shannon Ruff Dirksen, RN, PhD, FAAN Margaret McLean Heitkemper, RN, PhD, FAAN Linda Bucher, RN, PhD, CEN, CNE Reviewed by: Charles D. Rogers, RN, MSN Advanced Cardiac Life Support Provider Assistant Professor of Nursing Morehead State University Morehead, Kentucky Collin Bowman-Woodall, RN, MS Assistant Professor Samuel Merritt University San Francisco Peninsula Campus San Mateo, California